This report presents a review of the literature pertaining to the discipline of children within the family milieu. The negative consequences for children who have experienced physical discipline are examined in detail, including adverse social behaviours, impaired cognitive development, mental health problems, substance abuse, and poor quality parent-child relationships. The report examines differences in the prevalence and severity of use of physical discipline across ethnic groups; however, the authors note that more research is needed on this issue pertinent to the New Zealand context. The influence of religious ideologies on parental disciplinary strategies is discussed, although this area is also earmarked for future research. The report addresses factors that influence parenting practices, namely child characteristics, parental educational attainment, mental health issues, and the parents' own childhood experiences. Contextual variables, such as socio-economic status, family size, and marital status, are also identified as shaping parenting style. Differences between male and female use of physical discipline, and the type of punishment meted out dependent on the gender of the child are analysed. Also included in this report is an exploration of children's perspectives on physical punishment and International responses to the issue of disciplining children. The report concludes by offering recommendations, including education for parents about alternative discipline tactics, and public awareness campaigns on the effects of physical punishment on children.